In the Texas case study this dramatically shifted one part of the project design from a more traditional, gray approach to a more natural hybrid solution. Each project involved stakeholder engagement and incorporated feedback into the design process. All three case studies began with innovative project funding and framing that enabled expansion beyond a sole focus on flood risk reduction to include multiple functions and benefits. We synthesize findings from these case studies to report areas of progress and illustrate remaining challenges. This study examines three innovative coastal resilience projects that use NNBF approaches to improve coastal community resilience to flooding while providing a host of other benefits: 1) Living Breakwaters in New York Harbor 2) the Coastal Texas Protection and Restoration Study and 3) the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project in San Francisco Bay. Yet there remain many unknowns about how to design and implement these projects. They seek to provide communities with coastal protection from storms, erosion, and/or flooding while also providing some of the other natural benefits that restored habitats provide. While coastal restoration projects have been happening for decades, NNBF projects go above and beyond coastal restoration. Coastal engineers and managers often rely on gray infrastructure such as seawalls, levees and breakwaters, but are increasingly seeking to incorporate more sustainable natural and nature-based features (NNBF).
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